TNM Staging: What T, N and M Mean, and How to Read Your Code
TNM staging is the system doctors use to describe almost every solid tumour. T describes the main (primary) tumour, N describes the nearby (regional) lymph nodes, and M describes whether the cancer has spread to distant parts of the body (metastasis). Your pathology or scan report shows them together — something like pT2 N1 M0. This page is a full reference: every category from TX to M1, the small letters before and after the code, worked examples, and the tables that turn TNM into a stage from 0 to IV. If you want a simpler overview of what stages 0 to IV mean, start with our cancer stages guide.
TNM at a Glance
- T – size and local growth of the primary tumour (TX, T0, Tis, T1–T4)
- N – cancer in regional lymph nodes (NX, N0, N1–N3)
- M – distant metastasis (M0 or M1 only — MX is no longer used)
- Run by the AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) and the UICC (Union for International Cancer Control); this page follows their 8th editions
- Higher numbers mean more extensive disease — they do not describe how aggressive the cells look (that is the grade)
- M1 always means stage IV, whatever the T and N values are
- The exact rules are different for each cancer type — always check the stage on your own report
What TNM Stands For
TNM stands for Tumour, Nodes, Metastasis. It is an anatomical system: it records where the cancer is and how far it has spread, not what the cells look like under the microscope. The three letters answer three separate questions.
T — Tumour
How big is the primary tumour, and how deeply has it grown into the organ or nearby tissue?
N — Nodes
Has the cancer reached the lymph nodes that drain the area around the tumour? If so, how many, and which ones?
M — Metastasis
Has the cancer spread to distant organs such as the liver, lungs, bones or brain, or to distant lymph nodes?
Each letter is followed by a number, and sometimes a small letter, that shows how much. A category is only given when there is evidence for it. That is why, when something could not be checked, the report says X rather than guessing.
TNM Staging Chart: Every Category on One Table
This chart shows the general meaning of each category. Each cancer type defines its own sizes and landmarks, so treat this as a guide to the language rather than the rules for your cancer.
| Code | Plain-English meaning |
|---|---|
TX | The primary tumour cannot be assessed |
T0 | No sign of a primary tumour |
Tis | Carcinoma in situ — abnormal cells that have not invaded deeper tissue |
Ta | Non-invasive papillary tumour (used in bladder and upper urinary tract cancer) |
T1, T2, T3, T4 | Increasing size and/or growth into nearby structures |
NX | Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed |
N0 | No cancer found in regional lymph nodes |
N1, N2, N3 | Increasing number, size or spread of affected regional nodes |
M0 | No distant spread found |
M1 | Cancer has spread to a distant part of the body (stage IV) |
MX | Old code for “cannot be assessed” — no longer used (see why) |
T – The Primary Tumour
The T category is defined separately for every cancer type. In breast cancer T depends mostly on the tumour’s width; in colorectal cancer it depends on how many layers of the bowel wall the tumour has grown through; in lung cancer it combines size with growth into structures such as the lining of the lung. So the numbers cannot be compared between cancers — a T3 colon cancer and a T3 breast cancer describe very different situations.
| Category | Meaning |
|---|---|
| TX | The primary tumour cannot be assessed. For example, it was removed before, or the sample was too small to measure. |
| T0 | No evidence of a primary tumour. This is seen when cancer is found in a lymph node but the original site is never found, or after treatment has removed all signs of the tumour (written ypT0). |
| Tis | Carcinoma in situ. Abnormal cells are present but have not broken through the basement membrane into nearby tissue. With N0 M0 this is usually stage 0. |
| Ta | Non-invasive papillary carcinoma — a growth that sticks out from the lining but has not invaded. Used mainly for bladder cancer. Ta N0 M0 is stage 0a. |
| T1 | Small and/or limited to the organ where it started. |
| T2 | Larger, or growing deeper into the organ wall. |
| T3 | Larger still, or grown through the organ wall into the surrounding fat or tissue. |
| T4 | Grown into a nearby structure — for example the chest wall, skin, another organ or a major blood vessel — or very large. |
What do T1a, T1b, T1c and T1mi mean?
Small letters after the number split a category into finer steps. They describe one tumour, not several. For example, in breast cancer T1 (20 mm or smaller) is divided into T1mi (1 mm or smaller), T1a (over 1 mm up to 5 mm), T1b (over 5 mm up to 10 mm) and T1c (over 10 mm up to 20 mm). In lung cancer, T1a, T1b and T1c use different cut-offs (1 cm, 2 cm and 3 cm). The letters matter because some treatment decisions depend on them, even though the overall stage is often the same.
If there is more than one tumour, the report uses a different marker — the (m) suffix.
N – Regional Lymph Nodes
Lymph nodes are small glands that filter fluid from the tissues. They are often the first place a solid tumour spreads. The N category describes how many regional nodes contain cancer and, for some cancers, which groups of nodes or how big the deposits are. Only regional nodes — the ones that drain the tumour’s area — count. Cancer in a distant group of nodes is classed as metastasis (M1), not as a higher N.
| Category | Meaning |
|---|---|
| NX | Regional nodes cannot be assessed — usually because no nodes were removed or checked. |
| N0 | No cancer found in the regional nodes that were checked. At the same T category, node-negative cancer usually has a better outlook and may need less treatment. |
| N1 | Cancer in a small number of nearby nodes — for example, one to three underarm nodes in breast cancer, or one to three nodes in colorectal cancer. |
| N2 | More nodes, larger deposits, or nodes in a less favourable place. |
| N3 | Extensive node involvement, often including node groups further from the tumour. |
| N1a, N2b, … | Subdivisions by number, size or location. For example, colorectal N1a is one node and N1b is two or three. |
Not every cancer goes up to N3. Colorectal cancer stops at N2, and prostate cancer only uses N0 and N1. A “high” N number in one cancer may be the top of the scale, so compare only within the same cancer type.
NX Is Not the Same as N0
NX means the nodes were not checked, or the check was not conclusive. N0 means the nodes were checked and no cancer was found. This matters: an NX result may lead to a sentinel node biopsy or more scans before treatment is planned, while N0 is a result your team can act on. NX is common and often expected — for example, after removing a bladder tumour through a scope (TURBT), no nodes are taken, so the report says pNX. If your report says NX, it is fair to ask whether the nodes will be checked another way.
M – Distant Metastasis
M only has two main values, but it has the biggest effect on the stage.
| Category | Meaning |
|---|---|
| M0 (often written cM0) | No distant spread found on examination and the scans or tests that were done. |
| cM0(i+) | Used in breast cancer: no visible spread, but tiny clusters of tumour cells (0.2 mm or smaller) were found in blood, bone marrow or distant nodes. This is still M0. |
| M1 | Cancer has been found in a distant organ or distant lymph nodes. This is stage IV. |
| M1a, M1b, M1c, M1d | Subdivisions by where the spread is or how many sites are involved. For example, in colorectal cancer M1a is one organ, M1b is two or more, and M1c is spread to the lining of the abdomen (peritoneum). The stage is still IV, but the letter can affect treatment choices and outlook. |
| M1(0) / M1(1) | Used in melanoma. The number in brackets shows the LDH blood test: (0) means not raised, (1) means raised. So M1d(0) means spread to the brain or spinal cord with a normal LDH. |
Why MX Is No Longer Used
Older reports sometimes show MX (“metastasis cannot be assessed”). The AJCC and UICC dropped MX in their 7th editions, and it is not part of the current 8th editions. The reason is practical: doctors can decide on M from your history and physical examination alone. If nothing suggests spread, the cancer is classed as cM0 — you do not need a full-body scan to rule it out. MX also caused problems, because a stage group could not be given while M was “unknown”. If you see MX on a report, it usually means no tests showed spread, but ask your team to confirm.
Because M1 sets stage IV on its own, a small tumour with a single distant deposit — T1 N0 M1 — is still stage IV. That does not mean treatment cannot help. When there are only a few areas of spread (sometimes called oligometastatic disease), treatment may aim to control the cancer for a long time. See our overview of treatment options.
Prefixes: c, p, y, r and a
The small letter in front of a T, N or M tells you how or when the stage was worked out. It is easy to miss, but it changes the meaning of the result.
| Prefix | Name | What it means |
|---|---|---|
| c | Clinical | Based on examination, scans, endoscopy and biopsy before any treatment — for example cT2 cN1 cM0. This is the stage used to plan the first treatment. |
| p | Pathological | Based on tissue removed at surgery and checked under the microscope — for example pT2 pN0. Usually more exact than clinical staging and may move the stage up or down. |
| y | After treatment | Staging done after chemotherapy, radiotherapy or hormone therapy given before surgery (neoadjuvant treatment). It shows what is left, not what was there at the start. Written yc (clinical) or yp (pathological), for example ypT1 ypN0. |
| r | Recurrence | Staging of cancer that has come back after a time with no sign of disease, for example rT2 N1 M0. Can be combined: rc (clinical) or rp (pathological). |
| a | Autopsy | Staging first made at a post-mortem examination. |
Can a report mix c and p? Yes, and this is normal. Distant spread is rarely proven with tissue, so a pathological stage is often written with a clinical M — for example pT1c pN0 cM0. The AJCC rules also allow clinical findings to be used for some categories when the pathology does not cover them.
Does the stage get rewritten? No. Your clinical stage stays on record when the pathology comes back; both are kept. A cT2 N0 M0 cancer that turns out to be pT2 pN1 after surgery means the nodes held cancer that the scans could not see. This is a common finding, and one reason surgery is used to stage as well as to treat.
Suffixes: (m), (sn), (f), (i+) and mi
Letters in brackets after a category add detail about how the finding was made. They do not change the T or N number itself.
| Suffix | Example | What it means |
|---|---|---|
| (m) | pT2(m) | More than one primary tumour in the same organ. T is based on the largest one. Sometimes a number is used instead, such as pT2(3) for three tumours. |
| (sn) | pN0(sn) | Node status is based on a sentinel lymph node biopsy (removing just the first few nodes the tumour drains to), not a full node dissection. |
| (f) | cN1(f) | Cancer in a lymph node was confirmed by a needle sample (fine-needle aspiration or core biopsy) rather than by removing the node. Used in breast and some other cancers. |
| (i+) / (i−) | pN0(i+) | Isolated tumour cells: single cells or tiny clusters (0.2 mm or smaller in breast cancer) found with special stains. In most cancers, including breast, this still counts as N0. |
| (mol+) / (mol−) | pN0(mol+) | Tumour cells found only by a molecular (RT-PCR) test, not by looking under the microscope. Still N0. |
| mi | pN1mi, T1mi | Micro: a micrometastasis in a node (in breast cancer, over 0.2 mm and up to 2 mm), or microinvasion of the primary tumour (1 mm or less). |
Grade (G) and Other Modifiers
Reports often include extra codes next to TNM. These describe the tumour in more detail. Some of them (especially grade) are used in the stage group for certain cancers.
| Code | Name | What it means |
|---|---|---|
| G (GX, G1–G3, sometimes G4) | Grade | How abnormal the cancer cells look. G1 cells look most like normal cells (low grade); G3 or G4 look least normal (high grade) and tend to grow faster. GX means the grade cannot be assessed. Some cancers use their own grading, such as the Gleason score and Grade Group in prostate cancer. |
| L (L0, L1) | Lymphatic invasion | Whether cancer cells were seen inside small lymph vessels. |
| V (V0, V1, V2) | Venous invasion | Whether cancer cells were seen inside veins (V1 = seen under the microscope, V2 = visible to the eye). |
| Pn (Pn0, Pn1) | Perineural invasion | Whether cancer has grown along nerves. |
| R (RX, R0, R1, R2) | Residual tumour | Whether any cancer was left after surgery. R0 = none found at the edges (clear margins), R1 = cancer seen at the edge under the microscope, R2 = cancer left behind that could be seen. |
Grade and stage are different things: stage is where the cancer is, grade is how it looks. Our glossary explains more of the words you may see on a pathology report.
How to Read a TNM Code: Worked Examples
A TNM code is read from left to right, piece by piece. Here is one broken into its parts:
- Check the prefix. c, p, y or r tells you whether this is before treatment, from surgery, after treatment or at recurrence.
- Look at M first. If it is M1, the stage is IV. If it is M0, keep going.
- Read T. How big or deep is the primary tumour? Note any small letter (a, b, c) or (m).
- Read N. Are nodes clear (N0), not checked (NX), or involved (N1–N3)? Note suffixes like (sn) or (i+).
- Find the stage group on your report. The TNM-to-stage rules are specific to each cancer. Your report or your team gives the official stage.
| Code | What it means in plain English | Typical stage group |
|---|---|---|
Tis N0 M0 | In-situ cancer that has not invaded; nodes clear; no spread. | Stage 0 |
T1 N0 M0 | Small invasive tumour, nodes clear, no distant spread. | Usually stage I |
T2 N0 M0 | Larger or deeper tumour, nodes clear, no spread. | Stage I or II, depending on the cancer |
T3 N0 M0 | Large tumour, or one grown through the organ wall, but nodes are clear and there is no distant spread. Usually treated with the aim of cure. | Often stage II (for example breast IIB, colon IIA, lung IIB) |
T2 N1 M0 | Medium-sized or deeper tumour with cancer in a few nearby nodes; no distant spread. | Stage II or III (breast IIB, lung IIB, colon IIIA) |
T4 N0 M0 | Tumour has grown into a nearby structure; nodes clear; no spread. | Stage II or III (colon IIB–IIC, breast IIIB, lung IIIA) |
pT1b pNX | From surgery: a small tumour (in breast cancer, over 5 mm up to 10 mm). The nodes were not removed or checked, so N is unknown. | A full pathological stage may not be possible; your team may combine it with the clinical node check |
pTa pNX | Bladder: a non-invasive papillary tumour removed through a scope. No nodes were taken, which is normal for this procedure. | Usually recorded as stage 0a |
ypT0 ypN0 | After treatment before surgery, no invasive cancer was left in the tumour site or nodes. Often called a pathological complete response. | May not be given a usual stage group; generally a very good sign |
TX N1 M0 | Cancer found in nearby nodes, but the primary tumour could not be assessed. | Depends on the cancer; ask your team |
TX NX M1 | Distant spread confirmed; the primary tumour and nodes could not be assessed. Seen in cancer of unknown primary. | Stage IV |
T4 N1 M1b | Tumour grown into nearby structures, nearby nodes involved, and distant spread (the “b” shows the type of site). | Stage IV |
rT3 N2 M1 | Cancer that has come back (r), with spread to nodes and distant sites. | Stage IV recurrence (the original stage stays on record) |
Is T3 N0 advanced or early? It sits between the two. T3 means the tumour is large or has grown through the wall of the organ, which is “locally advanced”. But N0 M0 means it has not spread to nodes or distant organs. In most cancers this is still treated with the aim of cure, usually with surgery plus other treatment. The outlook is often better than the word “advanced” suggests.
Stage Grouping Tables: How TNM Becomes Stage 0–IV
Doctors use the TNM values day to day, but the stage group — 0, I, II, III or IV — is what is used in survival statistics and in most conversations with patients. The mapping is set for each cancer type in the AJCC and UICC manuals. It is not a formula you can apply to every cancer. Letters after the stage (IIA, IIIB, IVC) divide a stage into smaller groups.
General pattern (most solid tumours)
| Stage group | Usual TNM pattern | What it means |
|---|---|---|
| Stage 0 | Tis N0 M0 (or Ta N0 M0 in bladder) | Abnormal cells that have not invaded |
| Stage I | T1 (sometimes T2) N0 M0 | Small, localised, nodes clear |
| Stage II | T2–T3 N0, or T1–T2 N1, M0 | Larger tumour or limited node spread |
| Stage III | T3–T4 and/or N1–N3, M0 | Locally advanced: more growth and/or more nodes |
| Stage IV | Any T, any N, M1 | Distant spread |
Same code, different stage: breast vs colon vs lung
This table shows why you cannot read a stage straight off a TNM code. All three use AJCC 8th edition anatomic staging. For breast cancer, the stage on your report may differ, because grade and receptor status are added when they are known (see breast cancer staging).
| TNM | Breast (anatomic) | Colon / rectum | Lung (non-small cell) |
|---|---|---|---|
T1 N0 M0 | IA | I | IA (IA1–IA3) |
T2 N0 M0 | IIA | I | IB or IIA |
T3 N0 M0 | IIB | IIA | IIB |
T2 N1 M0 | IIB | IIIA | IIB |
T4 N0 M0 | IIIB | IIB or IIC | IIIA |
T1 N2 M0 | IIIA | IIIA or IIIB | IIIA |
Any T N3 M0 | IIIC | No N3 category | IIIB or IIIC |
Any T Any N M1 | IV | IVA, IVB or IVC | IVA or IVB |
Example of a full stage grouping table: colon and rectal cancer
| Stage | T | N | M |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Tis | N0 | M0 |
| I | T1–T2 | N0 | M0 |
| IIA | T3 | N0 | M0 |
| IIB | T4a | N0 | M0 |
| IIC | T4b | N0 | M0 |
| IIIA | T1–T2 T1 | N1/N1c N2a | M0 |
| IIIB | T3–T4a T2–T3 T1–T2 | N1/N1c N2a N2b | M0 |
| IIIC | T4a T3–T4a T4b | N2a N2b N1–N2 | M0 |
| IVA | Any T | Any N | M1a |
| IVB | Any T | Any N | M1b |
| IVC | Any T | Any N | M1c |
For a visual overview of stages 0 to IV and what each one means for treatment, see the cancer stage chart on our main staging guide. The full breast cancer stage grouping table is on our breast cancer staging page.
When TNM Alone Is Not Enough
TNM measures anatomy. For some cancers, anatomy alone does not predict outcome well enough, so the current staging system adds other factors:
- Grade — used in the stage group for several cancers, including prostate cancer (as the Grade Group) and soft tissue sarcoma.
- Biomarkers — oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and HER2 status, and in some cases a genomic test score, feed into the “prognostic stage” for breast cancer. Two people with the same T and N can therefore have different stages.
- Blood markers — PSA in prostate cancer; AFP, hCG and LDH in testicular cancer.
- Virus status — some throat (oropharyngeal) cancers are staged differently depending on whether they are linked to HPV (p16-positive).
- Age — in differentiated thyroid cancer, age at diagnosis (under or over 55) changes the stage group.
This is why the stage on your report may not match what you work out from T, N and M yourself. The stage your oncology team gives you is the one to go by.
TNM vs Other Staging Systems
Some cancers use a different system, either instead of TNM or alongside it. If your report shows a letter stage (such as “stage A”) or a number that goes above IV, it is probably one of these.
| System | Used for | How it works | Link to TNM |
|---|---|---|---|
| FIGO | Gynaecological cancers: cervix, womb (endometrium), ovary, vulva | Stages I–IV with letters and numbers (for example IIIC1). Set by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics and updated separately from TNM. | Closely matched. For example, ovarian T3c is FIGO IIIC, and FIGO IVB generally matches M1 (M1b in ovarian cancer). |
| Ann Arbor / Lugano | Lymphoma | Stages I–IV by how many lymph node areas are involved and on which side of the diaphragm. Letters can add detail: A or B (whether certain symptoms such as fevers, night sweats or weight loss are present, mainly in Hodgkin lymphoma) and E (spread outside the nodes). | Not TNM-based |
| Breslow thickness / Clark level | Melanoma | Breslow thickness is how deep the melanoma goes, in millimetres. Clark level described which skin layer it reached. | Breslow thickness (plus ulceration) sets the T category. Clark level is no longer used in AJCC 8th edition staging. |
| Gleason score / Grade Group | Prostate cancer | A grade, not a stage. Gleason scores (such as 3+4=7) are grouped into Grade Groups 1–5. Grade Group 5 is the highest grade — it is not “stage 5”. | The AJCC prostate stage combines TNM with PSA and Grade Group |
| Rai and Binet | Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) — see leukaemia | Rai uses stages 0–IV; Binet uses stages A, B and C, based on how many lymph node areas are enlarged and whether there is anaemia or low platelets. | Not TNM-based. “Stage A” usually refers to Binet stage A, the earliest group. |
| ISS / R-ISS | Multiple myeloma | Stages I–III based on blood tests (beta-2 microglobulin and albumin); the Revised ISS adds LDH and high-risk chromosome changes. | Not TNM-based |
| Limited / extensive stage | Small cell lung cancer | A simple two-group system often used to plan treatment. | TNM is also recommended and often reported alongside it |
| WHO grade | Brain tumours | Grades 1–4 based on cell type and molecular features. | Brain tumours are not usually staged with TNM |
| Dukes (historical) | Colorectal cancer | Older system with stages A–D. | Replaced by TNM, but still seen in older records |
Which Edition Is Your Report Using?
TNM rules are updated every several years as research changes what predicts outcome. This page follows the AJCC 8th edition (in use in the US since 2018) and the UICC 8th edition (in use since 2017), which are closely aligned. Newer updates are being introduced for some cancers, so a report may name a different edition or version. Staging from an older edition (for example the 6th or 7th) can use slightly different definitions, so compare like with like. If you are unsure which rules were used, your pathologist or oncologist can tell you.
Frequently Asked Questions
What does TNM stand for?
Tumour, Nodes, Metastasis. T describes the size and local growth of the primary tumour, N describes whether nearby (regional) lymph nodes contain cancer, and M describes whether the cancer has spread to distant parts of the body.
What do TX and T0 mean?
TX means the primary tumour cannot be assessed, for example because it was already removed or the sample was too small. T0 means there is no evidence of a primary tumour, such as when cancer is found in a lymph node but the original site cannot be found, or after treatment has removed all signs of it.
What is the difference between NX and N0?
NX means the regional lymph nodes could not be assessed, usually because none were removed or checked. N0 means the nodes were checked and no cancer was found. N0 is a favourable result; NX simply means the answer is not known yet.
Why is MX no longer used?
The AJCC and UICC dropped MX in their 7th editions, and it is not used in the current 8th editions. Doctors can decide on M from your history and examination, so if nothing suggests spread the cancer is recorded as cM0. MX also stopped a stage group from being assigned, which was unhelpful.
Does M in TNM have a numerical range?
No. M is either M0 (no distant spread) or M1 (distant spread). Some cancers add letters, such as M1a, M1b, M1c or M1d, to show where the spread is, and melanoma adds (0) or (1) to show whether the LDH blood test is raised. Any M1 is stage IV.
What do the small letters c, p and y before TNM mean?
They show how the stage was worked out. c means clinical (exam, scans and biopsy before treatment), p means pathological (tissue removed at surgery), and y means the staging was done after treatment given before surgery, as in ypT0 ypN0. r means recurrence and a means autopsy.
What stage is T1 N0 M0?
In most solid tumours, T1 N0 M0 is stage I: a small invasive tumour with clear nodes and no distant spread. The exact stage group depends on the cancer type, and for some cancers, such as breast, on grade and receptor status too.
What stage is T2 N1 M0?
T2 N1 M0 means a medium-sized or deeper tumour with cancer in a few nearby lymph nodes and no distant spread. It is usually stage II or III depending on the cancer: for example stage IIB in breast and non-small cell lung cancer, and stage IIIA in colon cancer.
Does M1 always mean stage IV?
Yes. Once distant spread is confirmed, the cancer is stage IV, however small the primary tumour or however many nodes are involved. TX NX M1, sometimes written TxNxM1, is stage IV cancer where the primary tumour and nodes could not be assessed.
Is T3 N0 M0 cancer advanced?
It is locally advanced but has not spread. T3 means the tumour is large or has grown through the wall of the organ, while N0 M0 means there is no spread to nodes or distant organs. In most cancers it is stage II and treated with the aim of cure.
Do T1a, T1b and T1c mean there are several tumours?
No. The small letters split one category into finer size or depth steps for a single tumour. If there is more than one tumour in the same organ, the report adds (m) or a number in brackets, such as pT2(m) or pT2(3).
Does the TNM system need all three parts to give a stage?
Usually, yes. A stage group needs a T, an N and an M value. If one is unknown (X), the stage may be left incomplete or your team may use clinical findings to fill the gap. The exception is M1: distant spread means stage IV even if T or N is unknown.
Does my stage change if the cancer comes back or shrinks?
The original stage is never rewritten; it stays on your record. Cancer that comes back is described with the r prefix, and cancer reassessed after treatment before surgery uses the y prefix. See our guide to restaging on the main cancer staging page.
Do all cancers use TNM?
No. TNM covers almost all solid tumours, but blood cancers use their own systems (such as Ann Arbor/Lugano for lymphoma, Rai and Binet for CLL, and ISS for myeloma), and brain tumours are graded by cell type and molecular features. Gynaecological cancers often use FIGO stages, which closely match TNM.
Related Resources
Staging by cancer type: breast · lung · colorectal · prostate · bladder · ovarian · melanoma · kidney · pancreatic · all cancer types
Medical Disclaimer: Staging rules differ by cancer type and are revised over time. This page explains the general TNM framework based on the AJCC and UICC 8th editions; it is not a substitute for your own report. Only your oncology team can tell you what your T, N and M values mean for your treatment and outlook.